![]() ![]() Substituted guar gum has been proved environmental friendly thickener as compared to synthetic thickeners. The synthesized guar gum derivatives, being the natural thickners, have been used in textile printing technology. The DS was determined quantitatively by titration method for each derivative. Guar derivative with variable degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The reaction conditions were also optimized during the course of experiment. This study focusses on the synthesis of carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG) via monochloroacetic acid under alkaline conditions. This study, shows the process has dramatically impacted the fluid properties, commercial worth, and economic producibility of the investigated oil accumulations in the basin. Nevertheless, the possibility of oil mixing cannot be excluded, because biodegradation is progressive and is ongoing. However, biomarker fingerprints of the oils lack evidence of in-reservoir mixing of biodegraded and non-biodegraded oils. Total ion chromatograms of well 1 and 2 from Northern depobelt, show presence of LMW alkanes, co-existing side by side with UCM, suggesting multiple charges. This influenced shifts in the ‘primary compositions’ of oils probably from paraffinic or paraffinic-naphthenic oils to aromatic-naphthenic oils. Biodegradation levels of the considered oils range from light to moderate, based on Peters and Moldowan scale. ![]() Saturated, aromatic, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) compositions and low saturate/aromatic ratio confirmed evidence of biodegradation. GC results indicate variable loss of low molecular weight (LMW) alkanes, besides the presence of unresolved complex mixture (UCM). Ten oil samples from onshore-offshore fields were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. This study aimed to examine the compositional changes resulting from biodegradation, fathom the extent of degradation, and provide clues for interpreting the evolution and the overall effects on the quality of the oils. So, this study suggested that the faecal sludge was an environment-friendly low-cost replacement of microalgae for high-quality biocrude production towards a sustainable biorefinery approach. Finally, the higher energy recovery of 85.6% and lower energy consumption ratio of 0.58 for MA25FS75 confirmed the net energy positivity system. ![]() In addition, the biocrude maturity and intensity analysis suggested higher A-factor and lower C-factor for MA25FS75, which indicated a high-quality crude property. Among the various ratios, the co-hydrothermal liquefaction of MA25FS75 (25% microalgae: 75% faecal sludge) sample showed the highest biocrude yield of 38% with a lighter hydrocarbon fraction of 43% (kerosene 15% and diesel 28%) and HHV of 33.8 MJ/Kg. Hence, this study explored the effect of substituting microalgal biomass with faecal sludge (wet-waste) at different ratios (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 0:100) for biocrude production through hydrothermal liquefaction. Keyword: Crude Oil, Treated, Untreated ASTM, BS&W, OAPI, Physiochemical Properties, Oil Field, Standards.Ĭultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass are energy-intensive and expensive processes. the importance of crude oil's physicochemical parameters cannot be overstated in chemical engineering analysis, shipping, transportation, optimizing, storage, as well as the pricing of crude oil at the point - of - sale. The above physical and chemical properties were determined using Standard test method and 0API. Comprehensive review of the physicochemical characteristics properties of various oil oils from Niger Delta oil wells ( Ogbele and Kokori oil fields, respectively) shows the following BS&W (percent) values for un -treated and dry crude to be 34 percent and 44 percent, respectively in comparison to un - treated crude oil and oAPI 34.97 and 35.87 at 53☏ respectively.Treated crude oil has a BS&W of < 1 percent. Prior to actually sales, the physical and chemical properties of these crude oils must be addressed in attempt to reach standards. The BS&W standard for the shipment of crude oil to a pipeline company is one %. Nigeria's Niger-Delta is a rich source of crude oil, but it consists unwanted contaminants such as basic sediments & water that cannot be avoided in the petroleum sector. In this research, the characteristics of crude oil from two distinct oil fields in the Niger Delta were compared.
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